The Slum Stars Online ((INSTALL))

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Despite high unemployment and intolerable conditions, people flock to London, desperate for work. When curious upper-class visitors are permitted to visit the slum as tourists, the participants realize how precarious their situation truly is.

Observe the social changes the slum dwellers face as they move into the 20th century. A few families prosper, but others continue to face the poverty endemic in Britain. See what steps are finally taken to alleviate the plight of the poor.

However, various initiatives have recently started to change this status quo, exploring how the Web can be used to enrich online scholarly communications in various ways that are not possible in print. For example, exemplars bearing semantic enhancements have been made of HTML versions of journal articles (Shotton, 2009; Shotton et al., 2009), text-mining Web services have been created that can automatically add semantic markup to named entities within HTML text (Pafilis et al., 2009) or pull back contextual information from cited papers (Wan et al., 2010), and 'smart' PDF readers such as Utopia Documents have been developed that provide annotation overlays to enrich the otherwise-static content of PDF articles (Attwood et al., 2010). Silvio Peroni and I have developed the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies to facilitate such developments (Shotton, 2010; Peroni and Shotton, 2011), and publishers, including the Royal Society of Chemistry's Project Prospect, Elsevier's Article of the Future, and Pensoft Journals, are starting to provide semantically enriched journal articles as part of their routine publishing workflows.

I propose five factors  peer review, open access, enriched content, available datasets and machine-readable metadata  as the Five Stars of Online Journal Articles, a constellation of five independent criteria within a multi-dimensional publishing universe against which online journal articles can be evaluated, designed to characterize the potential for improvement to the journal article made possible by Web technologies.

While Tim Berners-Lee's Five Stars of Linked Open Data build one upon the other, representing degrees of achievement or completeness along the single axis of online data publication, the proposed Five Stars of Online Journal Articles are complementary, forming a constellation arranged along five independent axes within a multi-dimensional publishing universe, each of which can be evaluated on its own merits. Of course, the degree of achievement along each of these publishing axes can vary, equivalent to the different stars within the constellation shining with varying luminosities.

The most fundamental change that the Internet has brought to scholarly publishing in recent years, over and above the move from print to online provision of journal articles, and the greatest challenge to the traditional business models of subscription access publishers, has been the growth of open access (OA) provision, in which articles are made available to readers without subscription or fee barriers. Without the technical possibility of using the Internet to deliver content cheaply, the open access movement would have been still-born.

There are several ways in which such metadata may be made available. As indicated above, structural markup may be included within the XHTML document itself. By using RDFa, it is also possible to embed semantic markup within the Web document in such a way that these machine-readable metadata become part of the Web of Linked Open Data. Other possibilities of embedded markup exist using microdata within HTML5 documents. Alternatively, bibliographic and citation metadata can accompany the relevant journal article as supplementary online RDF files: such files accompany Shotton (2010) and our enhanced version of Reis et al. (2008). However, as for the research datasets relating to the article, it is advantageous if the relevant metadata files are also submitted to appropriate linked open data repositories, such as those of the Open Bibliography Project and the Open Citation Corpus.

As an exercise in 'drinking my own champagne', I have evaluated the Reis et al. (2008) article as it was before and after our semantic enhancements, and also my own recent publications, including this article, to provide exemplars. Each is rated with respect to each of the Five Stars of Online Journal Articles on the five-point scales given in Section 2. I present the results both by means of constellation diagrams, within which the stars have different magnitudes, and in tabular form, with an overall numerical rating for each paper. (Full bibliographic details of the following papers are given in the References section.)

This research paper contains different types of analysed data concerning the risk factors of contracting the disease leptospirosis for inhabitants of an urban slum in Salvador, Brazil. The underlying unpublished raw datasets contain confidential information about individuals' health, financial, familial and employment status.

I am most grateful to Bob DuCharme who, inspired by Berners-Lee's Five Stars of Linked Open Data, challenged me to come up with five stars for semantic publishing, following a talk entitled Applying XML and Semantic Technologies to Liberate Infectious Disease Data that I gave at the recent Oxford XML Summer School. I thank Tanya Gray and Katherine Fletcher for feedback after reading a preliminary draft of this paper. I wish particularly to acknowledge the input made by Silvio Peroni, who insisted that I specify evaluation scales for all five stars, and whose proposals concerning peer review and open access I have incorporated; by those who participated in a brief but lively discussion of the Five Stars preprint on the Beyond the PDF mail list, particularly Cameron Neylon who suggested a radical revision of my original evaluation scale for peer review, Phillip Lord for wise remarks concerning post-publication peer review and RFCs, and Peter Murray-Rust for his insistence that the type of license under which Open Access publications are published is critical; and by Brian Hole of Ubiquity Press, both for his comments and for his general enthusiasm for the Five Star concept. Their suggestions have constituted an effective post-publication peer review of a preprint of this paper, as mentioned above, and I thank them all sincerely for taking the time and making the effort to supply these valuable critiques.

[7] Evangelou E, Trikalinos TA and Ioannidis JP (2005). Unavailability of online supplementary scientific information from articles published in major journals. FASEB J. 19: 1943-1944. -4784lsf.

[15] Reis RB, Ribeiro GS, Felzemburgh RDM, Santana FS, Mohr S, Melendez AXTO, Queiroz A, Santos AC, Ravines RR, Tassinari WS, Carvalho MS, Reis MG and Ko AI (2008). Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2: e228.

[17] Shotton D and Portwin K (2009). Technical implementation of the semantic enhancements applied to Reis et al. (2008) Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2(4): e228. Supporting Information File S1 to Shotton et al. (2009).

A teenage tea-seller in Pakistan with blue eyes and attractive looks has been showered with modelling offers by the country's top brands in a dramatic turnaround of fortune after his photo became an overnight internet sensation.Arshad Khan, 16 years old, woke up to fame on Monday across Pakistan and neighbouring India. Social media was flooded with his pictures and comments on his likeness to Bollywood stars.The hashtag #chaiwala, meaning tea-seller, was trending on Twitter in both countries.A female photographer from the Pakistani capital of Islamabad had taken his photo while strolling through the city's Sunday market or Itwar-Bazaar last week. She had posted it on her Instagram account, with the remark "hot tea" and a smiley face icon.Arshad said he was not aware of the moment when his photo was taken, but by Tuesday, the young vendor was being treated as a star with local and international media lining up for interviews."I don't know about the lady but want to meet and thank her," Arshad said of the woman whose picture gave him near-instant fame.Arshad Khan (C), formerly a chai wala (tea seller) by profession, posses for a selfie with fans after doing a television interview in Islamabad, Pakistan October 20, 2016 (Reuters Photo)"We are very happy and thankful to the lady who took the photograph," said Abdullah Khan, a friend who has quickly assumed the role of media manager.Abdullah tells dpa he has been receiving calls every 10 minutes while managing photo opportunities for the people who come to visit his client.Arshad finds posing for photos bizarre - particularly when girls ask for a picture.Chaiwalas usually live a poor life. In Pakistan, a country running on hot milk-tea, they are employed in many households and offices and are omnipresent on street corners and markets.Now, national companies have offered Arshad modelling contracts."I have received offers from Bonanza garments [Pakistan's largest clothing producer], Milli Shoes and Tapal Tea," he tells dpa.He has also received film offers but flatly refused, saying it was against the culture and tradition of Pushtuns.His story resembles for many a romantic Bollywood plot.Arshad's family is originally from the north-western town of Mardan. They later moved to Islamabad, where he was born in a mud house situated in the slum quarters of the impoverished Golra neighbourhood which has no electricity to this day. Khan, one of 17 siblings, has never gone to school.Now he is known internationally as the chaiwala heartthrob."All this feels like a dream", he says. "I don't know how it all happened but have started enjoying it." 2b1af7f3a8