Open Channel Hydraulics Solutions Manual Chow Pdf
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Culvert headwater depth is an important hydraulic characteristic to consider when evaluating culvert design. As stated above, it is the headwater depth that forces the flow through the culvert opening. However, not all headwater depth is the same. For instance, if the culvert entrance is square and is symmetrically located at the mid point of the channel, then as shown in Figure 3, the headwater depth will be half the channel width. On the other hand, if the culvert entrance is an angled wedge having a tip, then the headwater depth will be twice the channel width measured at the angle of the wedge.
In general, culverts with a large headwater depth will exhibit low head loss coefficients. For instance, culverts with very high entrance openings, such as beveled structures and manholes, can exhibit headloss coefficients that are close to zero. In fact, for many manhole and storm sewer systems (also known as sanitary sewer systems), the coefficient of friction between the manhole or storm sewer and the surrounding soil is the dominant headloss coefficient. In other words, the frictional resistance offered by the manhole or storm sewer to the flow within the ditch is greater than any resistance offered by the surrounding soils. Therefore, the water within the manhole or storm sewer flows with little or no head loss. A larger culvert entrance will normally result in a larger headwater depth which, in turn, will lower the headloss coefficient. In general, the headloss coefficient will be lower for a larger culvert, for a given culvert, than for a smaller culvert.
To perform the headwater calculation, the following data is required:
Culvert entrance conditions (size of the opening, shape of the culvert openings, culvert treatment, et cetera).
Culvert length.
Design discharge.
Headwater depth.
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